Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Research Articles

Effects of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma on Streptococcus mutans isolated from Dental Caries

A total of (40) oral cavity swabs were sampled from various sites of dental caries (pit, fissure and dental roots) from patients who referred to the Dental Clinic at the College of Dentistry, Aliraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq. Initially, the swabs were placed in test tubes supplied with Stuart transport medium and then distributed by streaking on semi-selective Mitis Salivaris agar medium (MSA). The findings indicated that the isolates are gram-positive cocci that are arranged in chains. The isolates were further morphologically and biochemically identified, using the VITEK instrument, revealing only 32.5 % (n= 13) of S. mutans. The nonthermal plasma (cold atmospheric pressure plasma; CAP) has many uses in the area of research and development of clinical application worldwide. According to the biofilm assay, all isolates showed the capability of producing biofilm, with differences in thickness of the formed layer, with 3 isolates (7.5%) forming a strong layer, 6 (15%) forming a moderate layer, and 4 (10%) forming a weak layer. The non-thermal plasma (cold atmospheric pressure plasma; CAP) has many uses in the area of research and development of clinical application worldwide.

Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma-Activated Medium Modulates Cellular Functions of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells In Vitro.

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) offers a variety of therapeutic possibilities and induces the formation of reactive chemical species associated with oxidative stress. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play a central role in tissue regeneration, partly because of their antioxidant properties and ability to migrate into regenerating areas. During the therapeutic application, MSCs are directly exposed to the reactive species of CAP. Therefore, the investigation of CAP-induced effects on MSCs is essential. In this study, we quantified the amount of ROS due to the CAP activation of the culture medium. In addition, cell number, metabolic activity, stress signals, and migration were analyzed after the treatment of MSCs with a CAP-activated medium. CAP-activated media induced a significant increase in ROS but did not cause cytotoxic effects on MSCs when the treatment was singular and short-term (one day). This single treatment led to increased cell migration, an essential process in wound healing. In parallel, there was an increase in various cell stress proteins, indicating an adaptation to oxidative stress. Repeated treatments with the CAP-activated medium impaired the viability of the MSCs. The results shown here provide information on the influence of treatment frequency and intensity, which could be necessary for the therapeutic application of CAP.

Multiparameter optimization of non-thermal plasma-driven synthesis of carbohydrate-stabilized rhenium nanoparticles towards enhancement of their catalytical activity for reduction of nitroaromatic compounds

This study aims to optimize the synthesis of carbohydrate-stabilized rhenium nanoparticles (ReNPs) utilizing cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP), specifically direct current atmospheric pressure glow discharge (dc-APGD), hypothesizing that controlling synthesis parameters will enhance catalytic efficiency in the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). The dc-APGD system operated in flowing liquid cathode (FLC-dc-APGD) and flowing liquid anode (FLA-dc-APGD) modes. Design of experiments (DOE) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed for the first time to optimize ReNPs synthesis. This included optimizing the concentration of ReO4- in ReNPs precursor solution, solution flow rate as well as discharge current. ReNPs were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In turn, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was employed for the identification of reactive species generated in plasma phase that contributed to the synthesis of ReNPs. The resultant sizes, surface charges, and phase compositions were linked with synthesis parameters and then with catalytic activities revealed by the variety of ReNPs. HRTEM photomicrographs revealed spherical and spherical-like morphologies of obtained ReNPs synthesized using FLC-dc-dc-APGD and FLA-dc-APGD modes with the actual sizes of 7.28 ± 2.90nm and 3.24 ± 0.57nm, respectively. Optimized conditions yielded ReNPs with exceptional catalytic activity, reducing 94.9% (FLC-dc-APGD) and 90.5% (FLA-dc-APGD) of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) with the apparent rate constants (k1) 0.269 and 0.107min-1, respectively. Further, the conversions of 90% were achieved over FLC-dc-APGD-based ReNPs for nitrobenzene (NB), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA). In these cases, the k1 values were 0.235, 0.174, 0.070, 0.001min-1 for, respectively. The results allowed to find a correlation between ReNP size distribution, oxidation state, and catalytic activity that suggested a potential for tailored Re nanocatalysts in environmental remediation.

Plasma water treatment for PFAS: study of degradation of perfluorinated substances and their byproducts by using cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet

This study evaluates the effectiveness of non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure (NTP APPJ) for treating PFAS - contaminated water in different matrices. Successful removal of several perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (C6 to C4), perfluroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (C8 to C4) and perfluropolyethers (PFPEs) (GenX and ADONA) PFAS compounds was achieved in laboratory scale experiments. In the deionized water (DW), high removal efficiencies (> 90%) were observed for longer-chain PFAS, PFOS (99.89%), PFHxA (94.61%) and ADONA (94.83%), while shorter- chain compounds had lower removal rates. Real water samples (tap water and synthetic effluent) showed lower overall degradation percentages (8-50%) depending on compound and matrix. Short-chain PFAS displayed around 10% removal in tap water, while PFOS and GenX achieved 50% and 32% removal, respectively. Complex matrix effects influence degradation rates. Byproducts from the plasma treatment were investigated, revealing distinct degradation mechanisms for various PFAS compounds. For PFSAs and PFCAs, degradation involved electron transfer, bond breaking and subsequent reactions. Conversely, ADONA and GenX degradation initiated with ether-group cleavage, followed by additional transformation processes. Plasma-based technology shows potential for degradation of PFAS, especially for newer substitute compounds like ADONA and GenX. However, further research is needed to optimize plasma performance for complete mineralization of PFAS. This study also proposes a degradation mechanism for ADONA, marking a novel investigation into ether-group PFAS degradation with potential implications for further research and understanding toxicological implications.

High-efficiency and low-damage modification of engineering metal materials by oxygen-mixing atmospheric pressure cold plasma jets

Engineering metal materials have been widely developed and applied in aviation, aerospace and biomedicine fields. Wettability improvement of these materials can alleviate problems caused by low adhesion and poor bioactivity, thereby facilitating their practical applications. Compared with other methods, atmospheric pressure cold plasma treatment has better versatility and can efficiently improve wettability without causing serious damages, and has therefore been widely used in polymer hydrophilization. However, when treating metal materials, the cold plasma may induce surface breakdown or have low efficiency. In this paper, we developed a new cold plasma jet by mixing oxygen into working gas to achieve high-efficiency and low-damage modification. When oxygen mixing ratio was 0.4 %, the cold plasma jet could modify TC4 titanium alloy surface to be superhydrophilic within 20 s, which was much more efficient than traditional plasma jet (120 s). We then further investigated the mechanism contributing to higher efficiency, and found that the oxygen-mixing plasma jet did not cause serious damages, while generating more polar groups by higher-concentration active particles, as confirmed by surface energy calculation and optical emission spectra. Besides titanium alloy, the oxygen-mixing plasma jet could also achieve rapid hydrophilization of various engineering metal materials, showing promising application prospects.

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma assisted rapid assembly of peptide-based structures: a molecular scaffold to form supramolecular architectures

The use of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) technology in the production of peptide-based materials has shown great potential in modern technology. Herein, two aggregation-prone oligopeptides, GNNQQNY and KLVFFA, were subjected to CAPP treatment to form supramolecular assemblies/aggregates. Through peptide engineering and biophysical techniques, the effect of CAPP-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species on the oligopeptides were investigated for different treatment times revealing that the formation of these aggregates were primarily driven by electrostatic interactions without any chemical modifications. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy and Thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay confirmed the presence of distinct β-strands, particularly in the aggregates of the KLVFFA peptide upon CAPP irradiation. The combination of CAPP technology with peptide self-assembly process and the characterization techniques employed in this study holds promise for the development of such peptide supramolecular structures based on the specific amino acid sequences.

Evaluating atmospheric pressure cold plasma decontamination techniques for packaging materials: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Evaluating atmospheric pressure cold plasma decontamination techniques for packaging materials: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A large-scale cold plasma jet: generation mechanism and application effect

Atmospheric pressure cold plasma jets (APCPJs) typically exhibit a slender, conical structure, which imposes limitations on their application for surface modification due to the restricted treatment area. In this paper, we introduce a novel plasma jet morphology known as the large-scale cold plasma jet (LSCPJ), characterized by the presence of both a central conical plasma jet and a peripheral trumpet-like diffuse plasma jet. The experimental investigations have identified the factors influencing the conical and the trumpet-like diffuse plasma jet, and theoretical simulations have shed light on the role of the flow field and the electric field in shaping the formation of the LSCPJ. It is proved that, under conditions of elevated helium concentration, the distributions of impurity gas particles and the electric field jointly determine the plasma jet’s morphology. High-speed ICCD camera images confirm the dynamic behavior of plasma bullets in LSCPJ, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. Finally, it is demonstrated that when applied to the surface treatment of silicone rubber, LSCPJ can achieve a treatment area over 28 times larger than that of APCPJ under equivalent conditions. This paper uncovers the crucial role of impurity gases and electric fields in shaping plasma jet morphology and opens up the possibility of efficiently diversifying plasma jet generation effects through external electromagnetic fields. These insights hold the promise of reducing the generation cost of plasma jets and expanding their applications across various industrial sectors.

Impact of open‐air processing on atmospheric pressure plasma deposition of poly(ethylene oxide) coatings for antifouling applications

AbstractAtmospheric pressure plasma deposition (APPD) of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐like antifouling coatings provides an attractive way to reduce biofouling for reliable biosensor operation. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jets are designed to operate in open air. This paper demonstrates the impact of open‐air processing on the composition and properties of PEO‐like coatings by APPD with vinyl ether precursors. The open‐air environment inhibits polymerization as indicated by low deposition rates, oxygen incorporation in the coatings, and instability of the coatings in water. The composition and stability of the coatings improve by appropriate nozzle design and by deposition in an environment with lower air content. The resulting PEO‐like coatings are stable and antifouling for an antibody solution and inhibit adhesion of human fibroblast cells.

Fast synthesis of gold nanoparticles by cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet in the presence of Au+ ions and a capping agent

Abstract Homogeneous gold nanoparticles were synthesized under atmospheric pressure using a non-thermal helium plasma jet in a single-step process. A current power supply was used to generate the plasma discharge rich in diverse reactive species. These species induce rapid chemical reactions responsible for the reduction of the gold salts upon contact with the liquid solution. In this study, spherical and monodispersed gold nanoparticles were obtained within 5 min of plasma exposure using a solution containing Gold (III) chloride hydrate (HAuCl4) as a precursor and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent to inhibit agglomerations. The formation of these metal nanoparticles was initially perceptible through a visible change in the sample’s color, transitioning from light yellow to a red/pink color. This was subsequently corroborated by UV-vis spectroscopy, which revealed an optical absorption in the 520 - 550 nm range for AuNPs, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. An investigation into the impact of various parameters, including plasma discharge duration, precursor and capping agent concentrations, was carried out to optimize conditions for the formation of well-separated, spherical gold nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to measure the size of these nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe their morphology and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was also employed to determine their crystallographic structure. The results confirm that homogeneous spherical gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 13 nm can be easily synthesized through a rapid, straightforward, and environmentally friendly approach utilizing a helium atmospheric pressure plasma.

Surface functional group regulation of Ti3C2Tx based on atmospheric pressure cold plasma

AbstractThe modulation of surface properties of Ti3C2Tx plays a crucial role in its diverse applications across various fields. However, a straightforward and reliable technique for controlling its surface functional groups remains elusive. In this study, we achieved controlled modification of Ti3C2Tx surface functional groups using atmospheric‐pressure cold plasma. We evaluated the plasma generation characteristics and found that the gas parameters could influence the discharge power and lead to different gas temperatures with the same voltage. Spectral analysis confirmed the presence of numerous reactive species in the plasma, facilitating the breaking and recombination of chemical bonds of functional groups on the Ti3C2Tx surface. The interaction between the plasma jet and Ti3C2Tx film revealed that the semiconductor properties of the Ti3C2Tx film limit the plasma diffusion area, while N2 doping and increased gas flow rates respectively reduce and enlarge the coverage area of cold plasma. A brief one‐minute cold plasma treatment induced a slight etching effect on the Ti3C2Tx film surface, effectively altering the ‐O and ‐F functional groups. However, it is noteworthy that excessive cold plasma treatment in the air may result in partial oxidation of Ti3C2Tx, necessitating the use of custom gas environments in further applications. This research provides valuable insights into surface modification techniques for Ti3C2Tx with potential implications in a wide range of applications.

Effect of Cold Plasma on the Germination and Seedling Growth of Durum Wheat Genotypes

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) has attracted increased interest in recent years for possible biomedical, environmental and agricultural applications. A wide range of cold plasma treatment effects is observed in agricultural applications, like effects on the seed germination and seedling growth, but more systematic investigations are needed. The aim of this study was to identify the most appropriate combinations of the plasma source and duration of treatment positively affecting seed germination. In addition, the effect of cold plasma on the seedling growth and osmotic stress tolerance was studied. The seeds of three Bulgarian durum wheat cultivars were treated with cold plasma in twelve variants. The results obtained were processed statistically via two-way ANOVA. The treatment of seeds with a plasma torch for 20 s and the treatment with underwater diaphragm discharge for 5 min when the seeds were placed in both cameras in two different positions (relative to the electrodes between which the plasma is supplied, “+” and “−”) have the greatest positive effect on the all traits related to germination. The analysis of variance reveals that the variation in germination energy, shoot length and root length after the cold plasma treatment of seeds is mainly due to the interaction between the genotype and treatment variant and to a small degree due to the genotype. The treatment of seeds with cold plasma improves the osmoregulation ability of cells and therefore increases the drought resistance of genotypes.

Impact of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) treatments on the prebiotic potential of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina)

Powdered Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) is one of the most valuable nutraceutical products in terms of functionality and food-fortification due to its recognized prebiotic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory potential. The present study aims to assess the quality of this matrix as a prebiotic after Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (CAPP) processing. CAPP-treated Spirulina samples (1 mg/mL), at effective discharge power of 1.1, 1.7, 2.2 and 3.3 W for 5 min, were used to promote the growth of the probiotics Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Chicory inulin was used as reference prebiotic material (1 mg/mL). - Microorganisms were inoculated in the different prepared media, and incubated 48 h, at 30 °C, under anaerobic conditions. The probiotics' growth rate on Spirulina (CAPP treated and untreated) dispersions, protein stability and their secondary metabolites production were evaluated. The bacterial growth (>7.0 ± 0.2 log10 cycles) and prebiotic indices of treated Spirulina samples (compared to untreated Spirulina) confirm the prebiotic functionality before and after CAPP processing. The proteomic and metabolomic profiles of the hydrolyzed matrix post-fermentation revealed significant differences in the nutritional values of the final fermented product, depending on the applied CAPP intensity. The present study provides first-time insight into CAPP optimization for increased bioavailability of Spirulina compounds and quality proofed nutraceutical development.

Molecular mechanism of cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by plasma generated RONS

Recently, it is been shown that cold atmospheric pressure plasmas Cold Atmospheric Plasma effectively inactivate the 2019-nCoV virus. Despite this promising finding, the precise mechanism of this inactivation remains unclear due to the limited number of studies conducted on the subject. Consequently, this paper focuses on the spike protein, a crucial part of the novel coronavirus, and the various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by the plasma. The study employs reactive molecular dynamics simulation and ReaxFF potential to explore the reactions between the spike protein molecules and different reactive oxygen nitrogen species (including H2O2, OH, O, O3, HOONO, and 1O2). The findings suggest that when a single RONS interacts with the spike protein, 1O2 and HOONO have the most potent ability to sever the spike protein. Additionally, the combined effect of long-lived and short-lived RONS presents a more potent decomposition impact.

Growth control of Marchantia polymorpha gemmae using nonthermal plasma irradiation

Several studies have documented that treatment by cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) on plants foster seed germination and growth in recent years. However, the molecular processes that underlie the action of CAPP on the seeds and plants remain mostly enigmatic. We here introduce gemmae of Marchantia polymorpha, a basal liverwort, as a novel model plant material suitable for CAPP research. Treating the gemmae with CAPP for a constant time interval at low power resulted in consistent growth enhancement, while growth inhibition at higher power in a dose-dependent manner. These results distinctly demonstrate that CAPP irradiation can positively and negatively regulate plant growth depending on the plasma intensity of irradiation, offering a suitable experimental system for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of CAPP in plants.

Cold atmospheric‐pressure plasma selectively inhibits glioblastoma via DNA damage and AKT dephosphorylation in vitro and in vivo

AbstractIn this work, the effects of cold atmospheric‐pressure plasma (CAP) on glioblastoma are evaluated comprehensively. After CAP treatment, U251 cell viability, migration, and invasion functions were inhibited, while an appropriate dose of CAP had no inhibitory effect on human brain glial cell line cells. Western blots indicated that expression of caspase‐3 was upregulated with ki‐67 expression downregulated. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, and energy metabolisms of U251 cells were influenced afterward. TUNEL assays and comet assays suggested the DNA damage of U251 cells after CAP treatment. Furthermore, as one of the DNA damage responses associated pathways, the AKT (AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog) signaling pathway was also indicated in the work. The findings raise great promise for clinical applications of CAP in glioblastoma treatments.

Polyoxometalates Mediated Amyloid Fibrillation Dynamics and Restoration of Enzyme Activity of Hen Egg White Lysozyme Treated under Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma.

Neurodegenerative disorders are one of the most devastating disorders worldwide. Although a definite mechanistic pathway of neurodegenerative disorders is still not clear, it is almost clear that these diseases are initiated by protein misfolding. Hen Egg White Lysozyme (Lyz) can be converted to highly arranged amyloid fibrils and is therefore considered a good model protein for studying protein aggregation in connection to neurodegeneration. In this study, Lyz has been converted to fibrils using He-air gas fed single jet cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). The reactive oxygen species and the reactive nitrogen species produced by the plasma jet interact with the protein molecules and enhance the fibril formation. We monitored the fibrillation kinetics with the Thioflavin T (ThT) assay and observed that fibrils are formed when the samples are treated for 10 min with He-air gas fed CAP. Further, we studied the role of a special class of inorganic nanomaterials called polyoxometalates (POMs) in the process of the Lyz fibrillation using various biophysical techniques. The Keggin POMs used in this study are phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) and silico molybdic acid (SMA). Keggin POMs bring in structural self-assembly of the protein and disrupt the fibrils as evidenced in the ThT assay and TEM analysis. Molecular docking studies together with electrokinetic potential studies show the interactions between POMs and Lyz dominated via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The enzyme activity of Lyz was assessed using the substrate Micrococcus lysodeikticus and after treatment with POMs results showed a significant increase in the activity. This study could pave way for looking into Keggin POMs for possible application in neurodegeneration.

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma as eco-friendly technology prolonged the vase life and improved the quality of cut rose flowers

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma is a relatively new technology characterized by safety and high efficiency, that is increasingly attracting attention in agriculture and food industries especially in post-harvest technology. This experiment addresses the potential use of plasma-activated water (PAW) for increment of cut rose flower longevity and quality. A complete randomized design was used in this study, and each treatment had three replicates with six flowers in each replicate. Based on the findings of this study, it seems that PAW application as a preservation solution improves plant water status during postharvest storage and reducing the electrolyte leakage and maintaining the relative water content (RWC). Data from the experiment showed that the plasma activated water decreased the malondialdehyde content and maintains the structure and integrity of the cell membrane through the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems and phenolic compounds synthesis ultimately leading to postharvest quality and prolonged vase life of cut rose flowers. As PAW is more cost-effective than many other preservatives and is eco- friendly with fewer side effects, so it could be used in preservative solutions as an alternative.

Efficacy of argon cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet on hospital surface decontamination and its impact on the surface property

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a major contributor to healthcare-associated infections. Recently, the cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (CAPJ) discharges have garnered attention of the researchers globally for their novel antimicrobial property. This research evaluated the effectiveness of an in-house developed CAPJ on the inactivation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and S. aureus artificially inoculated over stainless steel and aluminium test surfaces. A greater than ∼5 log10 reduction of E. coli, whereas reduction of ∼3.4–4.6 log10 for S. aureus on the test surfaces was achieved on 180 s CAPJ exposure. Extremely low D- values (in the range of ∼27–63 s) were recorded for both isolates. In addition, this study assessed the impact of repeated CAPJ exposure on surface property, by replicating the process of hospital surface decontamination. Surface properties such as wettability, roughness, and elemental composition varied non-linearly on repetitive Ar CAPJ exposure on test surfaces. It was observed that the identified gas-phase species such as excited atoms (Ar I, and O I), positive ions (NO+, O2 +, OH+, O+, N2 +, Ar+, etc), negative ions (N2O2 −, N2O3 −, NO3 −, NO2 −, etc), radical RONS (OH•), and non-radical RONS (O I, NO+, OH+, N2O3 −, NO3 −, NO2 −, etc) would contribute to bacterial load reduction on the test surface along with any alteration in surface characteristic. There may be chemical and physical processes involved in the above activity. This investigation into understanding the effects of CAPJ surface decontamination on surface properties would aid in determining its potential applications in healthcare settings.

Feasibility and mechanism of atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet (APCPJ) assisted micro-milling of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs)

The unique microstructures of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) provide them with excellent mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, having important applications in the fields of medical devices, military equipment, aerospace, etc. However, the superb mechanical properties also contribute to poor machinability of the BMGs. Currently, researchers have proposed to improve the machinability by single-point diamond turning, laser-assisted machining and ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining, but their plasticity and viscous flow remain unchanged, thus restraining further enhancement of surface quality. Atmospheric pressure cold plasma jet (APCPJ), which is rich in active particles, can effectively ameliorate material machinability by modulating material properties. In this paper, we propose to use the APCPJ to regulate the properties of BMGs, and carry out nanoindentation, nanoscratching, and micro-milling experiments to investigate the influence mechanisms of APCPJ on the material properties and cutting process. The results demonstrate that after modified by APCPJ, plastic deformability of the BMGs is improved due to the increase of free volume content; meanwhile, the viscous flow is inhibited. The micro-milling experiments indicate that under the conditions of feed rate Vf = 500 μm/s, spindle speed n = 30,000 rpm, and cutting depth ap = 5 μm, the improvement effect of APCPJ on the cutting process is relatively optimum. The surface roughness Ra of the Zr-based BMG and Ti-based BMG obtained by APCPJ are respectively 0.076 μm and 0.081 μm, which can be reduced by 37.7 % and 38.2 % compared with dry micro-milling. The cutting forces Fz in the direction of cutting depth are also reduced by 30.9 % and 23.3 %, respectively. The APCPJ-assisted micro-milling method proposed in this work may ameliorate the machining quality of BMGs and promote the application of BMGs and APCPJ-assisted machining technology in aerospace and precision machining.